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Interfacing a button to a microcontroller (and PC) with a 50 m long cable



The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InIsolating motor control signals from microcontroller from high voltage/current linesNeed help with 90vdc PM motor speed control circuitSimple light bulb operated by button and optoisolator triacDesigning an ethernet isolatorWhich isolated ground should I use for an RF can/shield over an optically-isolating component?Interfacing open-collector optoisolator to 3.3V microcontrollerCombining dirty 12V inputs with delicate micro controllerInterfacing retriggerable oneshot with optocouplerlogic level conversions for opto-isolators in digital input acquisitionWhy use opto-isolation in this way?



.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;








6












$begingroup$


I am designing a board that will be plugged into a computer and will read the status of a button ~50 m away in an office environment (it's actually a lot closer, but the cable is long).



I think it's a good idea to galvanically isolate the button wiring from the computer, since the PC will be grounded. I don't want any faults on the wiring to be able to damage the computer.



I'm assuming less than 100 ohm resistance for the cable, and while a simple series resistor would work, I think having a constant current sink for the opto LED is safer (i.e. if the cable has to be a lot longer, or shorter, etc.).



Is this a sensible approach to it? Cost/space is not much an issue, so I could add some protection/filtering circuitry, but I'm not entirely sure where/how to do it, so I'd be happy to hear some suggestions.





schematic





simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab










share|improve this question











$endgroup$


















    6












    $begingroup$


    I am designing a board that will be plugged into a computer and will read the status of a button ~50 m away in an office environment (it's actually a lot closer, but the cable is long).



    I think it's a good idea to galvanically isolate the button wiring from the computer, since the PC will be grounded. I don't want any faults on the wiring to be able to damage the computer.



    I'm assuming less than 100 ohm resistance for the cable, and while a simple series resistor would work, I think having a constant current sink for the opto LED is safer (i.e. if the cable has to be a lot longer, or shorter, etc.).



    Is this a sensible approach to it? Cost/space is not much an issue, so I could add some protection/filtering circuitry, but I'm not entirely sure where/how to do it, so I'd be happy to hear some suggestions.





    schematic





    simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab










    share|improve this question











    $endgroup$














      6












      6








      6


      2



      $begingroup$


      I am designing a board that will be plugged into a computer and will read the status of a button ~50 m away in an office environment (it's actually a lot closer, but the cable is long).



      I think it's a good idea to galvanically isolate the button wiring from the computer, since the PC will be grounded. I don't want any faults on the wiring to be able to damage the computer.



      I'm assuming less than 100 ohm resistance for the cable, and while a simple series resistor would work, I think having a constant current sink for the opto LED is safer (i.e. if the cable has to be a lot longer, or shorter, etc.).



      Is this a sensible approach to it? Cost/space is not much an issue, so I could add some protection/filtering circuitry, but I'm not entirely sure where/how to do it, so I'd be happy to hear some suggestions.





      schematic





      simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab










      share|improve this question











      $endgroup$




      I am designing a board that will be plugged into a computer and will read the status of a button ~50 m away in an office environment (it's actually a lot closer, but the cable is long).



      I think it's a good idea to galvanically isolate the button wiring from the computer, since the PC will be grounded. I don't want any faults on the wiring to be able to damage the computer.



      I'm assuming less than 100 ohm resistance for the cable, and while a simple series resistor would work, I think having a constant current sink for the opto LED is safer (i.e. if the cable has to be a lot longer, or shorter, etc.).



      Is this a sensible approach to it? Cost/space is not much an issue, so I could add some protection/filtering circuitry, but I'm not entirely sure where/how to do it, so I'd be happy to hear some suggestions.





      schematic





      simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab







      opto-isolator isolation circuit-protection






      share|improve this question















      share|improve this question













      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question








      edited Mar 30 at 11:37









      Peter Mortensen

      1,60031422




      1,60031422










      asked Mar 29 at 17:28









      Wesley LeeWesley Lee

      5,81152342




      5,81152342




















          4 Answers
          4






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          8












          $begingroup$

          Looks like too much circuitry, which leads to more cost, complexity, failures. There is nothing in the question that indicates anything more than series resistors are required. Adding components, like isolated switching power supplies, adds components with much higher failure rates than a few resistors and diodes. The circuit below is well protected, simple, reliable, and goes high/low when switch is closed/open. There would need to be a specific, compelling reason to add all that circuitry in the question.





          schematic





          simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab






          share|improve this answer









          $endgroup$








          • 2




            $begingroup$
            Fair points, but I am less worried about the board itself failing than it causing some damage to the computer due to the long cable being connected to say, AC mains, by accident etc. I guess high voltage resistors and some fuses would solve that. This is a one off project so cost isn't an issue. I do feel quite relieved that this approach would be enough in most cases though.
            $endgroup$
            – Wesley Lee
            Mar 29 at 18:02






          • 1




            $begingroup$
            You may forgo the fuses, as D1+D2 clamp circuit voltages to acceptable levels.
            $endgroup$
            – scorpdaddy
            Mar 29 at 18:24


















          6












          $begingroup$

          That looks fine to me, but you may wish to put a diode across the optoisolator LED in case you get some ringing in the choke or wiring.



          The two transistor current sink might be slightly better and maybe 100K is a bit on the high side for the resistor. Eg,





          schematic





          simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



          You could also flip the current limiter and put it on the other rail. Right now the opto sees a lot of common mode voltage change when the switch is pressed. Grounding the photodiode would reduce that because of the coupling capacitance of the DC-DC.






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            And less different parts to place with 2 transistors instead of diodes. (Oh nvm now there is a diode back again :P )
            $endgroup$
            – Wesley Lee
            Mar 29 at 17:50



















          4












          $begingroup$

          A simpler way would be to use a shielded cable (to shunt noise and ESD away), and then protect the microcontroller inputs with diodes to VCC and ground.



          The resistance of the cable is most likely to be between 1 or 10 ohms (as long as the AWG is more than 30 gauge).






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$




















            3












            $begingroup$

            I would make a current loop. Simple, cheap and reliable. You can connect the transistor in a common collector configuration if you want a non-inverted output. The optocoupler LED must be rated for at least 20 mA.



            enter image description here






            share|improve this answer











            $endgroup$













              Your Answer





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              4 Answers
              4






              active

              oldest

              votes








              4 Answers
              4






              active

              oldest

              votes









              active

              oldest

              votes






              active

              oldest

              votes









              8












              $begingroup$

              Looks like too much circuitry, which leads to more cost, complexity, failures. There is nothing in the question that indicates anything more than series resistors are required. Adding components, like isolated switching power supplies, adds components with much higher failure rates than a few resistors and diodes. The circuit below is well protected, simple, reliable, and goes high/low when switch is closed/open. There would need to be a specific, compelling reason to add all that circuitry in the question.





              schematic





              simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab






              share|improve this answer









              $endgroup$








              • 2




                $begingroup$
                Fair points, but I am less worried about the board itself failing than it causing some damage to the computer due to the long cable being connected to say, AC mains, by accident etc. I guess high voltage resistors and some fuses would solve that. This is a one off project so cost isn't an issue. I do feel quite relieved that this approach would be enough in most cases though.
                $endgroup$
                – Wesley Lee
                Mar 29 at 18:02






              • 1




                $begingroup$
                You may forgo the fuses, as D1+D2 clamp circuit voltages to acceptable levels.
                $endgroup$
                – scorpdaddy
                Mar 29 at 18:24















              8












              $begingroup$

              Looks like too much circuitry, which leads to more cost, complexity, failures. There is nothing in the question that indicates anything more than series resistors are required. Adding components, like isolated switching power supplies, adds components with much higher failure rates than a few resistors and diodes. The circuit below is well protected, simple, reliable, and goes high/low when switch is closed/open. There would need to be a specific, compelling reason to add all that circuitry in the question.





              schematic





              simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab






              share|improve this answer









              $endgroup$








              • 2




                $begingroup$
                Fair points, but I am less worried about the board itself failing than it causing some damage to the computer due to the long cable being connected to say, AC mains, by accident etc. I guess high voltage resistors and some fuses would solve that. This is a one off project so cost isn't an issue. I do feel quite relieved that this approach would be enough in most cases though.
                $endgroup$
                – Wesley Lee
                Mar 29 at 18:02






              • 1




                $begingroup$
                You may forgo the fuses, as D1+D2 clamp circuit voltages to acceptable levels.
                $endgroup$
                – scorpdaddy
                Mar 29 at 18:24













              8












              8








              8





              $begingroup$

              Looks like too much circuitry, which leads to more cost, complexity, failures. There is nothing in the question that indicates anything more than series resistors are required. Adding components, like isolated switching power supplies, adds components with much higher failure rates than a few resistors and diodes. The circuit below is well protected, simple, reliable, and goes high/low when switch is closed/open. There would need to be a specific, compelling reason to add all that circuitry in the question.





              schematic





              simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab






              share|improve this answer









              $endgroup$



              Looks like too much circuitry, which leads to more cost, complexity, failures. There is nothing in the question that indicates anything more than series resistors are required. Adding components, like isolated switching power supplies, adds components with much higher failure rates than a few resistors and diodes. The circuit below is well protected, simple, reliable, and goes high/low when switch is closed/open. There would need to be a specific, compelling reason to add all that circuitry in the question.





              schematic





              simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab







              share|improve this answer












              share|improve this answer



              share|improve this answer










              answered Mar 29 at 17:55









              scorpdaddyscorpdaddy

              59727




              59727







              • 2




                $begingroup$
                Fair points, but I am less worried about the board itself failing than it causing some damage to the computer due to the long cable being connected to say, AC mains, by accident etc. I guess high voltage resistors and some fuses would solve that. This is a one off project so cost isn't an issue. I do feel quite relieved that this approach would be enough in most cases though.
                $endgroup$
                – Wesley Lee
                Mar 29 at 18:02






              • 1




                $begingroup$
                You may forgo the fuses, as D1+D2 clamp circuit voltages to acceptable levels.
                $endgroup$
                – scorpdaddy
                Mar 29 at 18:24












              • 2




                $begingroup$
                Fair points, but I am less worried about the board itself failing than it causing some damage to the computer due to the long cable being connected to say, AC mains, by accident etc. I guess high voltage resistors and some fuses would solve that. This is a one off project so cost isn't an issue. I do feel quite relieved that this approach would be enough in most cases though.
                $endgroup$
                – Wesley Lee
                Mar 29 at 18:02






              • 1




                $begingroup$
                You may forgo the fuses, as D1+D2 clamp circuit voltages to acceptable levels.
                $endgroup$
                – scorpdaddy
                Mar 29 at 18:24







              2




              2




              $begingroup$
              Fair points, but I am less worried about the board itself failing than it causing some damage to the computer due to the long cable being connected to say, AC mains, by accident etc. I guess high voltage resistors and some fuses would solve that. This is a one off project so cost isn't an issue. I do feel quite relieved that this approach would be enough in most cases though.
              $endgroup$
              – Wesley Lee
              Mar 29 at 18:02




              $begingroup$
              Fair points, but I am less worried about the board itself failing than it causing some damage to the computer due to the long cable being connected to say, AC mains, by accident etc. I guess high voltage resistors and some fuses would solve that. This is a one off project so cost isn't an issue. I do feel quite relieved that this approach would be enough in most cases though.
              $endgroup$
              – Wesley Lee
              Mar 29 at 18:02




              1




              1




              $begingroup$
              You may forgo the fuses, as D1+D2 clamp circuit voltages to acceptable levels.
              $endgroup$
              – scorpdaddy
              Mar 29 at 18:24




              $begingroup$
              You may forgo the fuses, as D1+D2 clamp circuit voltages to acceptable levels.
              $endgroup$
              – scorpdaddy
              Mar 29 at 18:24













              6












              $begingroup$

              That looks fine to me, but you may wish to put a diode across the optoisolator LED in case you get some ringing in the choke or wiring.



              The two transistor current sink might be slightly better and maybe 100K is a bit on the high side for the resistor. Eg,





              schematic





              simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



              You could also flip the current limiter and put it on the other rail. Right now the opto sees a lot of common mode voltage change when the switch is pressed. Grounding the photodiode would reduce that because of the coupling capacitance of the DC-DC.






              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$








              • 1




                $begingroup$
                And less different parts to place with 2 transistors instead of diodes. (Oh nvm now there is a diode back again :P )
                $endgroup$
                – Wesley Lee
                Mar 29 at 17:50
















              6












              $begingroup$

              That looks fine to me, but you may wish to put a diode across the optoisolator LED in case you get some ringing in the choke or wiring.



              The two transistor current sink might be slightly better and maybe 100K is a bit on the high side for the resistor. Eg,





              schematic





              simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



              You could also flip the current limiter and put it on the other rail. Right now the opto sees a lot of common mode voltage change when the switch is pressed. Grounding the photodiode would reduce that because of the coupling capacitance of the DC-DC.






              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$








              • 1




                $begingroup$
                And less different parts to place with 2 transistors instead of diodes. (Oh nvm now there is a diode back again :P )
                $endgroup$
                – Wesley Lee
                Mar 29 at 17:50














              6












              6








              6





              $begingroup$

              That looks fine to me, but you may wish to put a diode across the optoisolator LED in case you get some ringing in the choke or wiring.



              The two transistor current sink might be slightly better and maybe 100K is a bit on the high side for the resistor. Eg,





              schematic





              simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



              You could also flip the current limiter and put it on the other rail. Right now the opto sees a lot of common mode voltage change when the switch is pressed. Grounding the photodiode would reduce that because of the coupling capacitance of the DC-DC.






              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$



              That looks fine to me, but you may wish to put a diode across the optoisolator LED in case you get some ringing in the choke or wiring.



              The two transistor current sink might be slightly better and maybe 100K is a bit on the high side for the resistor. Eg,





              schematic





              simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



              You could also flip the current limiter and put it on the other rail. Right now the opto sees a lot of common mode voltage change when the switch is pressed. Grounding the photodiode would reduce that because of the coupling capacitance of the DC-DC.







              share|improve this answer














              share|improve this answer



              share|improve this answer








              edited Mar 29 at 17:51

























              answered Mar 29 at 17:43









              Spehro PefhanySpehro Pefhany

              213k5162432




              213k5162432







              • 1




                $begingroup$
                And less different parts to place with 2 transistors instead of diodes. (Oh nvm now there is a diode back again :P )
                $endgroup$
                – Wesley Lee
                Mar 29 at 17:50













              • 1




                $begingroup$
                And less different parts to place with 2 transistors instead of diodes. (Oh nvm now there is a diode back again :P )
                $endgroup$
                – Wesley Lee
                Mar 29 at 17:50








              1




              1




              $begingroup$
              And less different parts to place with 2 transistors instead of diodes. (Oh nvm now there is a diode back again :P )
              $endgroup$
              – Wesley Lee
              Mar 29 at 17:50





              $begingroup$
              And less different parts to place with 2 transistors instead of diodes. (Oh nvm now there is a diode back again :P )
              $endgroup$
              – Wesley Lee
              Mar 29 at 17:50












              4












              $begingroup$

              A simpler way would be to use a shielded cable (to shunt noise and ESD away), and then protect the microcontroller inputs with diodes to VCC and ground.



              The resistance of the cable is most likely to be between 1 or 10 ohms (as long as the AWG is more than 30 gauge).






              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$

















                4












                $begingroup$

                A simpler way would be to use a shielded cable (to shunt noise and ESD away), and then protect the microcontroller inputs with diodes to VCC and ground.



                The resistance of the cable is most likely to be between 1 or 10 ohms (as long as the AWG is more than 30 gauge).






                share|improve this answer











                $endgroup$















                  4












                  4








                  4





                  $begingroup$

                  A simpler way would be to use a shielded cable (to shunt noise and ESD away), and then protect the microcontroller inputs with diodes to VCC and ground.



                  The resistance of the cable is most likely to be between 1 or 10 ohms (as long as the AWG is more than 30 gauge).






                  share|improve this answer











                  $endgroup$



                  A simpler way would be to use a shielded cable (to shunt noise and ESD away), and then protect the microcontroller inputs with diodes to VCC and ground.



                  The resistance of the cable is most likely to be between 1 or 10 ohms (as long as the AWG is more than 30 gauge).







                  share|improve this answer














                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer








                  edited Mar 30 at 15:51









                  Peter Mortensen

                  1,60031422




                  1,60031422










                  answered Mar 29 at 19:11









                  laptop2dlaptop2d

                  27.4k123785




                  27.4k123785





















                      3












                      $begingroup$

                      I would make a current loop. Simple, cheap and reliable. You can connect the transistor in a common collector configuration if you want a non-inverted output. The optocoupler LED must be rated for at least 20 mA.



                      enter image description here






                      share|improve this answer











                      $endgroup$

















                        3












                        $begingroup$

                        I would make a current loop. Simple, cheap and reliable. You can connect the transistor in a common collector configuration if you want a non-inverted output. The optocoupler LED must be rated for at least 20 mA.



                        enter image description here






                        share|improve this answer











                        $endgroup$















                          3












                          3








                          3





                          $begingroup$

                          I would make a current loop. Simple, cheap and reliable. You can connect the transistor in a common collector configuration if you want a non-inverted output. The optocoupler LED must be rated for at least 20 mA.



                          enter image description here






                          share|improve this answer











                          $endgroup$



                          I would make a current loop. Simple, cheap and reliable. You can connect the transistor in a common collector configuration if you want a non-inverted output. The optocoupler LED must be rated for at least 20 mA.



                          enter image description here







                          share|improve this answer














                          share|improve this answer



                          share|improve this answer








                          edited Mar 31 at 13:49

























                          answered Mar 31 at 13:20









                          ArchimedesArchimedes

                          32528




                          32528



























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Bosnia-Hercegovina and the Congress of Berlin.The Balkan Wars and the Partition of Macedonia.The Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908-1914.Typhus fever on the eastern front in World War I.Anniversary of WWI battle marked in Serbia.La derrota austriaca en los Balcanes. Fin del Imperio Austro-Húngaro.Imperio austriaco y Reino de Hungría.Los tiempos modernos: del capitalismo a la globalización, siglos XVII al XXI.The period of Croatia within ex-Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia: Much in a Name.Las dictaduras europeas.Croacia: mito y realidad."Crods ask arms".Prólogo a la invasión.La campaña de los Balcanes.La resistencia en Yugoslavia.Jasenovac Research Institute.Día en memoria de las víctimas del genocidio en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.El infierno estuvo en Jasenovac.Croacia empieza a «desenterrar» a sus muertos de Jasenovac.World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volumen 1.Tito. Josip Broz.El nuevo orden y la resistencia.La conquista del poder.Algunos aspectos de la economía yugoslava a mediados de 1962.Albania-Kosovo crisis.De Kosovo a Kosova: una visión demográfica.La crisis de la economía yugoslava y la política de "estabilización".Milosevic: el poder de un absolutista."Serbia under Milošević: politics in the 1990s"Milosevic cavó en Kosovo la tumba de la antigua Yugoslavia.La ONU exculpa a Serbia de genocidio en la guerra de Bosnia.Slobodan Milosevic, el burócrata que supo usar el odio.Es la fuerza contra el sufrimiento de muchos inocentes.Matanza de civiles al bombardear la OTAN un puente mientras pasaba un tren.Las consecuencias negativas de los bombardeos de Yugoslavia se sentirán aún durante largo tiempo.Kostunica advierte que la misión de Europa en Kosovo es ilegal.Las 24 horas más largas en la vida de Slobodan Milosevic.Serbia declara la guerra a la mafia por matar a Djindjic.Tadic presentará "quizás en diciembre" la solicitud de entrada en la UE.Montenegro declara su independencia de Serbia.Serbia se declara estado soberano tras separación de Montenegro.«Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo (Request for Advisory Opinion)»Mladic pasa por el médico antes de la audiencia para extraditarloDatos de Serbia y Kosovo.The Carpathian Mountains.Position, Relief, Climate.Transport.Finding birds in Serbia.U Srbiji do 2010. godine 10% teritorije nacionalni parkovi.Geography.Serbia: Climate.Variability of Climate In Serbia In The Second Half of The 20thc Entury.BASIC CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE TERRITORY OF SERBIA.Fauna y flora: Serbia.Serbia and Montenegro.Información general sobre Serbia.Republic of Serbia Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA).Serbia recycling 15% of waste.Reform process of the Serbian energy sector.20-MW Wind Project Being Developed in Serbia.Las Naciones Unidas. Paz para Kosovo.Aniversario sin fiesta.Population by national or ethnic groups by Census 2002.Article 7. Coat of arms, flag and national anthem.Serbia, flag of.Historia.«Serbia and Montenegro in Pictures»Serbia.Serbia aprueba su nueva Constitución con un apoyo de más del 50%.Serbia. Population.«El nacionalista Nikolic gana las elecciones presidenciales en Serbia»El europeísta Borís Tadic gana la segunda vuelta de las presidenciales serbias.Aleksandar Vucic, de ultranacionalista serbio a fervoroso europeístaKostunica condena la declaración del "falso estado" de Kosovo.Comienza el debate sobre la independencia de Kosovo en el TIJ.La Corte Internacional de Justicia dice que Kosovo no violó el derecho internacional al declarar su independenciaKosovo: Enviado de la ONU advierte tensiones y fragilidad.«Bruselas recomienda negociar la adhesión de Serbia tras el acuerdo sobre Kosovo»Monografía de Serbia.Bez smanjivanja Vojske Srbije.Military statistics Serbia and Montenegro.Šutanovac: Vojni budžet za 2009. godinu 70 milijardi dinara.Serbia-Montenegro shortens obligatory military service to six months.No hay justicia para las víctimas de los bombardeos de la OTAN.Zapatero reitera la negativa de España a reconocer la independencia de Kosovo.Anniversary of the signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement.Detenido en Serbia Radovan Karadzic, el criminal de guerra más buscado de Europa."Serbia presentará su candidatura de acceso a la UE antes de fin de año".Serbia solicita la adhesión a la UE.Detenido el exgeneral serbobosnio Ratko Mladic, principal acusado del genocidio en los Balcanes«Lista de todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas que son parte o signatarios en los diversos instrumentos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas»versión pdfProtocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la MujerConvención contra la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantesversión pdfProtocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con DiscapacidadEl ACNUR recibe con beneplácito el envío de tropas de la OTAN a Kosovo y se prepara ante una posible llegada de refugiados a Serbia.Kosovo.- El jefe de la Minuk denuncia que los serbios boicotearon las legislativas por 'presiones'.Bosnia and Herzegovina. Population.Datos básicos de Montenegro, historia y evolución política.Serbia y Montenegro. Indicador: Tasa global de fecundidad (por 1000 habitantes).Serbia y Montenegro. Indicador: Tasa bruta de mortalidad (por 1000 habitantes).Population.Falleció el patriarca de la Iglesia Ortodoxa serbia.Atacan en Kosovo autobuses con peregrinos tras la investidura del patriarca serbio IrinejSerbian in Hungary.Tasas de cambio."Kosovo es de todos sus ciudadanos".Report for Serbia.Country groups by income.GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 1997–2007.Economic Trends in the Republic of Serbia 2006.National Accounts Statitics.Саопштења за јавност.GDP per inhabitant varied by one to six across the EU27 Member States.Un pacto de estabilidad para Serbia.Unemployment rate rises in Serbia.Serbia, Belarus agree free trade to woo investors.Serbia, Turkey call investors to Serbia.Success Stories.U.S. Private Investment in Serbia and Montenegro.Positive trend.Banks in Serbia.La Cámara de Comercio acompaña a empresas madrileñas a Serbia y Croacia.Serbia Industries.Energy and mining.Agriculture.Late crops, fruit and grapes output, 2008.Rebranding Serbia: A Hobby Shortly to Become a Full-Time Job.Final data on livestock statistics, 2008.Serbian cell-phone users.U Srbiji sve više računara.Телекомуникације.U Srbiji 27 odsto gradjana koristi Internet.Serbia and Montenegro.Тренд гледаности програма РТС-а у 2008. и 2009.години.Serbian railways.General Terms.El mercado del transporte aéreo en Serbia.Statistics.Vehículos de motor registrados.Planes ambiciosos para el transporte fluvial.Turismo.Turistički promet u Republici Srbiji u periodu januar-novembar 2007. godine.Your Guide to Culture.Novi Sad - city of culture.Nis - european crossroads.Serbia. Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List .Stari Ras and Sopoćani.Studenica Monastery.Medieval Monuments in Kosovo.Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius.Skiing and snowboarding in Kopaonik.Tara.New7Wonders of Nature Finalists.Pilgrimage of Saint Sava.Exit Festival: Best european festival.Banje u Srbiji.«The Encyclopedia of world history»Culture.Centenario del arte serbio.«Djordje Andrejevic Kun: el único pintor de los brigadistas yugoslavos de la guerra civil española»About the museum.The collections.Miroslav Gospel – Manuscript from 1180.Historicity in the Serbo-Croatian Heroic Epic.Culture and Sport.Conversación con el rector del Seminario San Sava.'Reina Margot' funde drama, historia y gesto con música de Goran Bregovic.Serbia gana Eurovisión y España decepciona de nuevo con un vigésimo puesto.Home.Story.Emir Kusturica.Tercer oro para Paskaljevic.Nikola Tesla Year.Home.Tesla, un genio tomado por loco.Aniversario de la muerte de Nikola Tesla.El Museo Nikola Tesla en Belgrado.El inventor del mundo actual.República de Serbia.University of Belgrade official statistics.University of Novi Sad.University of Kragujevac.University of Nis.Comida. Cocina serbia.Cooking.Montenegro se convertirá en el miembro 204 del movimiento olímpico.España, campeona de Europa de baloncesto.El Partizan de Belgrado se corona campeón por octava vez consecutiva.Serbia se clasifica para el Mundial de 2010 de Sudáfrica.Serbia Name Squad For Northern Ireland And South Korea Tests.Fútbol.- El Partizán de Belgrado se proclama campeón de la Liga serbia.Clasificacion final Mundial de balonmano Croacia 2009.Serbia vence a España y se consagra campeón mundial de waterpolo.Novak Djokovic no convence pero gana en Australia.Gana Ana Ivanovic el Roland Garros.Serena Williams gana el US Open por tercera vez.Biography.Bradt Travel Guide SerbiaThe Encyclopedia of World War IGobierno de SerbiaPortal del Gobierno de SerbiaPresidencia de SerbiaAsamblea Nacional SerbiaMinisterio de Asuntos exteriores de SerbiaBanco Nacional de SerbiaAgencia Serbia para la Promoción de la Inversión y la ExportaciónOficina de Estadísticas de SerbiaCIA. Factbook 2008Organización nacional de turismo de SerbiaDiscover SerbiaConoce SerbiaNoticias de SerbiaSerbiaWorldCat1512028760000 0000 9526 67094054598-2n8519591900570825ge1309191004530741010url17413117006669D055771Serbia